Perhaps you have been in situations where people (family, friends, co-workers?) questioned your decision to continue to work after having children. One parent should stay at home with the children while they are little, shouldn’t they? Well, not if you care for your family’s mental health and happiness. A new study from Umeå University shows that single-earner families tend to experience more depressive symptoms than parents in dual-earner families.
Raising children requires a reorganization of both professional and private lives, with potential consequences for mental health. In a new study, Anna Baranowska-Rataj, associate professor in sociology at Umeå University, Sweden, used data from the European Social Survey. The survey includes a validated version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale, constructed to identify populations at risk of developing depressive disorders. The analyses focused on 7,779 partnered men and women in 25 European countries, aged 20-50 and with preschool children. With this data, Anna Baranowska-Rataj investigated how parents’ mental well-being was affected by their division of paid and unpaid labour.
“Some couples adopt role specialization, with one of the partners focusing on paid work and the other on unpaid labour. Such role specialization facilitates the management of family-related demands, but it also deprives one of the parents of financial as well as non-monetary benefits related to employment.”
The results show that single-earner families tend to experience more depressive symptoms than parents in dual-earner families. This contradicts the idea that role specialization provides favourable conditions for parents with young children. It also highlights the advantages of a dual-earner family model, which gives both partners sources of income and non-monetary benefits such as time structure and social contacts.
Public policies may reduce the work-life conflict
The gap in the levels of depressive symptoms between parents in dual-earner and male breadwinner families varied across countries. In countries with higher availability of childcare services, the difference in mental health was larger than in countries with low availability. In other words, the benefits of a dual-earner family as compared to a male breadwinner family are larger when the availability of childcare services is higher.
“There may be several explanations for this pattern,” says Anna Baranowska-Rataj. “Childcare policies reduce the work-life conflict among dual-earner couples and create better possibilities to engage in jobs involving more hours of work, which also means higher incomes for working parents. Better earning opportunities may, in turn, reduce the risk of financial hardship and consequently limit depressive symptoms in dual-earner families. Strengthening the pressure on stay-at-home parents to get involved in paid work may be an alternative explanation.”
Perhaps not surprisingly, the study also showed that parents in jobless households have the highest levels of depressive symptoms.
“This finding adds to the understanding of the long-term consequences of the parental division of paid labour,” Anna Baranowska-Rataj continues. “Given that families are most likely to become jobless when the male breadwinner loses his job, in addition to impeding parental wellbeing in the short run, role specialization involves a long-run risk of transitioning into dual joblessness, which is associated with even more severe mental health problems.”
If you’re interested in reading the whole study: Baranowska-Rataj, A. (2022). The impact of the parental division of paid labour on depressive symptoms: The moderating role of social policies. Acta Sociologica, 65(3), 275–292. https://doi.org/10.1177/000169…
Source: we have found this article on the publications’ website of Umeå University